ENGINES PART-2

CLASSIFICATION OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE (PART 2):

3. Operating Cycle

• Otto (For the Conventional SI Engine)
• Atkinson (For Complete Expansion SI
Engine)
• Miller (For Early or Late Inlet Valve Closing
type SI Engine)
• Diesel (For the Ideal Diesel Engine)
• Dual (For the Actual Diesel Engine)

4. Working Cycle (Strokes)

• . Four Stroke Cycle:(a) Naturally Aspirated

                                           (b)Supercharged/Turbocharged

• . Two Stroke Cycle: (a) Crankcase Scavenged

                                           (b) Uniflow Scavenged
                                                                                   (i) Inlet valve/Exhaust Port
                                                                                   (ii) Inlet Port/Exhaust Valve
                                                                                   (iii) Inlet and Exhaust Valve

5. (a) Valve/Port Design

                                               1. Poppet Valve
                                               2. Rotary Valve
                                               3. Reed Valve
                                               4. Piston Controlled Porting

5. (b) Valve Location

                                               1. The T-head
                                               2. The L-head
                                               3. The F-head
                                               4. The I-head:
                                                                       (i) Over head Valve (OHV)
                                                                       (ii) Over head Cam (OHC)

6. Fuel

1.Conventional:
                            (a) Crude oil derived
                                                                (i) Petrol
                                                                (ii) Diesel
                            (b) Other sources:
                                                                 (i) Coal
                                                                 (ii) Wood (includes bio-mass)
                                                                 (iii)Tar Sands
                                                                 (iv)Shale
2. Alternate:
                            (a) Petroleum derived
                                                                (i) CNG
                                                                (ii) LPG
                            (b) Bio-mass Derived
                                                               (i) Ethanol
                                                               (ii) Vegetable oils
                                                               (iii) Producer gas
                                                               (iv) Biogas
                                                               (iv) Hydrogen

7. Mixture Preparation

1. Carburetion – perhaps soon to be obsolete
.
2. Fuel Injection
                               (i) Diesel
                               (ii) Gasoline
                                                    (a) Manifold
                                                    (b) Port
                                                    (c) Cylinder
PART 3 IS COMING SOON....................................

ENGINE :

DEFINITION:  A  machine that converts energy into mechanical force or motion is termed as engine .

INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE(Part-1):

#CLASSIFICATION OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE ON THE BASIS OF:

1. application

2.basic engine design

3.operating cycle

4.working cycle

5.valve/port design and location

6.fuel

7.mixture preparation

8.ignition

9.stratification of charge

10.combustion chamber design

11.method of load control

12.cooling

1.APPLICATION:

1. Automotive: 

• Car
• Truck/Bus
• Off-highway

2. Locomotive

3. Light Aircraft

4. Marine: 

•  Outboard
•  Inboard
•  Ship

5. Power Generation:

•  Portable (Domestic)
•  Fixed (Peak Power)

6. Agricultural: 

• Tractors
• Pump sets

7. Earthmoving: 

•  Dumpers
•  Tippers
•   Mining Equipment

8. Home Use: 

•  Lawnmowers
•  Snow blowers
•  Tools

9. Others

2. Basic Engine Design:

1. Reciprocating 

•  Single Cylinder
•  Multi-cylinder 

•  In-line
•  V
•  Radial
•  Opposed Cylinder
•  Opposed Piston

2. Rotary: 

• Single Rotor
•  Multi-rotor

For now this much is enough...classification of engines part-2 is coming soon..

Types of hammers:

A hammer is a tool that delivers a blow (a sudden impact) to an object.Most hammers are hand tools used to drive nails ,fit parts,forge metal,and break apart objects.Hammers vary in shape,size,and structure,depending on their purpose.

Hammers are basic tools in many trades.The usual features are a head(most often made of steel) and a handle(also called a helve or haft).Most hammers are hand tools,but there are also many powered versions,called power hammers (such as steam hammers and trip hammers) for heavier uses such as forging.

These are some basic hammers which are used in every day life.

Types of spanners:

There are many types of spanners.The most common are the ring spanner,Open end spanner,the combination spanner.the spanner will only do job properly if its the right size for the nut or the bolt to be turned.

The size used to describe a spanner is the distance across the flats of the nuts or bolts to be turned.There are two system in common use,metric ,in millimeters,and imperial,in inches.each of the system has a range of spanner especially made for each one.

These are some of the spanners shown in images.